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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Shakman v. Democratic Organization of Cook County ： ウィキペディア英語版 Shakman v. Democratic Organization of Cook County Michael L. Shakman, et al. vs. Democratic Organization of Cook County, et al., No. 69 C 2145 is a notable Illinois Supreme Court Case regarding Political Patronage in the hiring of public officials and first and fourteenth amendment rights. The case resulted in negotiations from 1969-1983 that brought to fruition The Shakman Decrees, largely reducing Political corruption in the Chicago government. Parts of the case are still being negotiated to this day.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work =Encyclopedia of Chicago )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work =Cook FP Shakman )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work =Leagle )〕 ==Background== Chicago politics had long been dominated by the institution of Political patronage, or the rewarding of supporters through position and the punishment of opponents through demotion or firing. Public employees, therefore had to be careful with political allegiances; campaigning for a loser would result in demotion, firing, or transfer, while neutrality could result in a stagnant career advancement.〔〔〔 Shakman, then an attorney, ran for a public position outside of the Cook County Democratic party and lost. He was distressed at the level of support the incumbent Democrats received from public employees and was, along with other plaintiffs, shocked to learn that this was often mandatory support required by the politicians as a part of the patronage system for those employees to keep their positions. Shakman argued this was a violation of employee rights, free elections, and use of public funds and was therefore in violation of the first and fourteenth amendments.〔〔〔 Shakman filed a suit against the Democratic Organization of Cook County claiming the patronage system gave unconstitutional and unfair advantage to organized candidates over others, since employees would campaign and support the organized candidates.〔〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shakman v. Democratic Organization of Cook County」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.